Spain & Portugal black out - past precedents?

16 comments started 2025-04-28 last 2025-05-01
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#1 26Left

Hi all,

Somewhat OT for this forum, but I know there are a number of very knowledgeable and experienced grid people here...

The Spain & Portugal (+ other European countries) blackout strikes me as unprecedented, in terms of two or more national economies being brought to a standstill for the best part of a day (and counting), at least during peace time that is.

Can anyone shed any light on the cause - knowing it's often a strong of events?

And any examples of similar national outages?

I know pockets of the USA have experienced blackouts from time to time e.g. Northeast (2003)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003), Texas (2021) - but I don't recall a pan European event like this before.

I've worked in a different part of critical national infrastructure before (payments) and out general rule fo thumb was to expect that anything more that 48 hours results in civil unrest.

#2 hoggy

At the time I wrote this there isn't an agreed root cause yet but we had something that may or may not be too similar I'm 2019 - the Hornsea / Little Barford trip cascade: https://www.neso.energy/document/152346/download

It's because of that there was a big push to update Rocof (rate of change of frequency) settings for G98/G99 that meant that what generation was left didn't just throw in the towel instantly compounding the problem.
Not saying it is that but given the time of day it wouldn't surprise me if the inability to ride through & arrest a large generation loss was a rather large portion of the blame.
Likewise in the UK we have a surprising suite of Ancillary Services that are specifically geared to help elasticity in large load loss situations along with the constant ability to have enough slack in the system to cover the largest Generation source tripping (which is currently an Interconnector at 1.4GW but will probably end up being Hinkley Point once up and running)

I do not envy the task of a live black start for them - depending on where the fault resides ideally you want as much Gen as possible on your side for your first island so I'd start with stuff near France & work downwards. But if your phone service batteries and substation backup batteries are getting flat your are starting to head into F'd status pretty quickly.

#3 26Left

hoggy Thanks for this, will read in more detail. I thought this quote from the GenSec of EurElectric was interesting (via BBC)

'Technical issue' between France and Spain's energy connection - European trade body
published at 22:29 28 April Breaking

The trade body that represents the power industry in Europe tells BBC's The World Tonight a problem occurred with the energy connection between France and Spain earlier today.

Kristian Ruby, the general secretary of EURELECTRIC, also describes the outage as a "50 year, if not 100 year incident....something very very rare "

Ruby tells BBC's World Tonight they are aware of a "specific incident with an interconnector between France and Spain".

The general secretary says: "There was a specific technical issue that arose there and hence the Spanish grid was disconnected from the broader European grid earlier today.

"Now, judging from that situation alone, you wouldn't think that would cause a power cut across the entire Iberian peninsula, so my assessment is there is likely to have been other elements in this equation that have caused this situation," he adds.

https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c9wpq8xrvd9t?post=asset%3A999e8c77-bf34-4681-8253-5b10f09e42ee#post

V
#4 Vestas

https://practical.engineering/blog/2022/2/9/what-really-happened-during-the-2003-blackout

Decent read, video is a bit tedious but has graphics.

Edit - also the Iberian peninsula is best thought of as an island in terms of electricity. There was only 6GW interconnect between Spain/Portugal and the rest of Europe in 2018 & at that time new interconnectors were planned and scheduled to come online in 2025 (they haven't AFAIK). That's probably why the French interconnect tripped out - I don't believe for a second that was the root cause though (graphs suggest the interconnector went down after power was lost in Madrid for example).

#5 Windy Miller

There was a cascade failure on the Eastern Seaboard of the USA in the 60's. Can't remember any details but I remember reading a book about it in my teens.

M
#6 Mouton

As mentioned by @Windy Miller - The situation reminded me of Episode 1 of Connections a documentary by James Burke in the 1980s - the Trigger Effect, about the rather humble cause of a massive power cut in the NW of the US in 1965. A 1980s documentary about the interconnectedness and interdependencies, reliance on power etc, in the modern world of the 1960s! It’s on youtube if you want a watch (11 mins in you see the start of the chain of events), even more fascinating in today’s context. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NcOb3Dilzjc Enjoy.

Not yesterday's scale in GW, but for the time it was probably huge.

R
#7 Rbor

Some of the press are pointing to frequency irregularities in the UK on Sunday, 27th April at 2 am and 6 pm. I have checked on my GE dashboard for Sunday 27th and it looks like nothing untoward for me, in Yorkshire. Apparently, at 2 am, we lost a gas-fired power station at Keadby 2 in Lincolnshire followed by failure of the Viking interconnector between the UK and Denmark (1.4 GW). Blamed in the press at the Denmark end

Rob

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#8 Vestas

Rbor I can see a drop to 49.77Hz at 03:06 on 27 April. Back above 49.8Hz within 45 seconds. There's nothing else unusual about that day in the East Mids.

The UK newspapers are desperate for a net-zero bashing story so they're likely to be at the stage of making things up. Take everything with a very large pinch of salt is my advice.

Nobody is going to know exactly what happened/went wrong for maybe weeks/months. There should be initial findings sooner but the full story (like the one on the USA 2003 outage I posted above) will take a lot longer to emerge.

#9 hoggy

There's 1 blip on a national level but those happen a few times a week to be fair. Nothing catastrophic.
Equally there's a bunch of stuff tripping throughout the day but again, that happens. The Viking link had an issue but not completely wiping it out, just one pole so running at 50%. Same with France but that ones been iffy for a while.

#10 nophead

I am in Tenerife ATM. No power cut but did lose internet and phone yesterday evening due to relying on servers on the mainland. Internet came back but no phone signal.

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#11 Vestas

nophead I thought Tenerife got power from Morocco these days?

#12 26Left

Vestas I saw some of those headlines too and thought - that's a bit premature, isn't it?

e.g. these two pieces from The Telegraph.

A bit like aviation incidents, lots of early expert voices that don't (and can't) yet know enough. I understand speculation sells papers and it is human nature to be curious. Personally I'd like to learn more, so always keen for more input, and ever hopeful that those responsible learn and necessary improvements are made.

#13 hoggy

Yes the whole deep dive into these things takes months. Nobody can really say with much confidence but that doesn't stop people trying. Most annoying is people who get a lot of air time with this type of stuff that can easily be proven otherwise - for example, you can see clearly in the open data that Keadby-2 tripped the evening before, not 3am at the same time as Viking Link...Keadby - 2 defect was infact cleared by 3am:
https://bmrs.elexon.co.uk/remit?timeRangeType=Previous&timeRangeLength=7+days&assetID=T_KEAD-2&endpoint=published&revisionHistory=include-history&from=2025-04-22T18%3A00%3A00.000Z&to=2025-04-29T17%3A44%3A39.403Z

D
#14 Daveb01

Yes, the UK experienced unusual power grid activity just hours before the massive blackout that struck Spain and Portugal on April 28, 2025. 

UK Power Grid Incidents

Britain’s National Energy System Operator (Neso) is investigating a series of unexplained outages that occurred early Monday morning. These incidents included a shutdown at the Keadby 2 gas-fired power plant and a failure of the Viking Link interconnector with Denmark. Neso reported abnormal fluctuations in power frequency during these events, which are critical for maintaining grid stability. 

Spain and Portugal Blackout

Around 12:30 p.m. on the same day, Spain and Portugal experienced one of the most significant blackouts in recent European history. The outage disrupted transportation, halted trains, and left millions without electricity. Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez stated that 60% of the country’s power supply was lost within five seconds. At least five deaths have been reported, including a woman in Valencia whose oxygen machine failed and a family in Galicia who died from suspected carbon monoxide poisoning due to a malfunctioning generator.    

While Spanish grid operator Red Eléctrica ruled out a cyberattack, the country’s High Court has launched an investigation into possible sabotage. Portugal’s grid operator REN also denied being the source of a viral social media message attributing the blackout to a rare atmospheric event known as “induced atmospheric vibration.” 

Potential Connections

Although the UK and Iberian Peninsula are not directly connected through power infrastructure, the timing of these incidents has raised questions about potential links. Experts suggest that the events may be coincidental but highlight the need for a thorough investigation to determine if there’s a common underlying cause.

The UK’s recent grid anomalies, coupled with the Iberian blackout, underscore the importance of robust energy infrastructure and the need for international cooperation in addressing potential vulnerabilities.

#15 26Left

Daveb01 did AI write this?

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#16 Vestas

26Left I'm not sure why he thinks anyone is interested in the AI output for a question we don't know. Not the first time either.

In this instance its a load of garbage which is entirely unsurprising given the sources used - which were pure speculation (Telegraph et al).....